What is the difference between chloride and chlorate

When considering the occurrence of this anion, sea water contains around 1. In addition to that, this anion has a lone electron pair on the chlorine atom. Due to this structure, this anion has multiple resonance structures. The geometry of this anion is trigonal pyramidal geometry. This chemical species acts as a powerful oxidizer. It means that it can easily oxidize other material while reducing itself. We can produce compounds containing these ions in the laboratory. However, the natural occurrence of these compounds is not yet confirmed.

Moreover, the compounds containing these anions are relatively toxic. It has a single atom. The molar mass of this ion is Further, the oxidation state of chlorine in this ion is It has four atoms. This is the key difference between chloride and chlorate. Best Hamburger Ever These burgers are the best on the grill in the summertime.

Jam-packed with all kinds of stuff, and no Number one: Don't use chips; It is deceptively simple, Home Style Meatloaf When it's comfort that you seek, nothing satisfies quite like a classic meatloaf. And if you don't have Kate's Lemon Squares. Louie's famous Italian sammie I can't take credit for this one, darn Mark Strausman's Chicken Piccata A quick-and-easy Italian classic, chicken piccata gets its distinctive flavor from the capers, lemon I think fresh breakfast Little spicy veggie pies Each individual potato-topped pie provides four of your 5-a-day, and is healthy, vegan, low calorie and Blue Smoke Bloody Mary Recipe This is no ordinary bloody, thanks to a combination of both tangy and spicy ingredients plus the surprise Double the love chocolate cake A simple white chocolate buttercream looks great when it's swirled over this gorgeous wedding cake Cheesy Mexican Mushroom Skillet Take 25 minutes to turn out a pleasing pasta dish with a bit of a kick.

Beer Cheese Spaghetti Sauce I can't take credit for this one. I grew up in Omaha, Nebraska, and love the Spaghetti Works. I found Charlie Bird's Farro Salad. Artichoke Pepperoni Quiche Recipe 4. Curly Noodle Dinner. Triple Strawberry Sundaes Looking for a dessert idea? Then check out this sundae recipe that uses strawberries in 3 ways - ready All rights reserved. Privacy Email : [email protected]. In Tfrecipes.

Author: Molly Baz. Author: Rick Rodgers. Author: Nathan Jean Whitaker Sanders. Author: Melissa Roberts. Author: Gina Marie Miraglia Eriquez. Author: Anna Stockwell. Author: Claire Saffitz. Author: Victoria Granof. Author: Alton Brown. Author: Alison Roman. For the order respective to the chlorate, Tables 4 , 5 and 6 present the initial rate results obtained at [Cl - ] 0 equal to 0. The k value was calculated based only in the data from Table 7 and is for low chloride concentration and ionic strength 4.

It is worth to say that this rate law was obtained using initial rate values measured after an initial induction period. The presence of this induction period does not allow to obtain a rate law and only the kinetic modeling can be used to describe the course of reaction. In doing this, the order determined for each species can be considered as a guide to build a mechanistic model. However, this rate law can be compared with the rate laws obtained by other authors using similar procedures, as they did not notice the existence of an induction period.

Despite the fact that the rate law given by equation 6 for low chloride concentration must be considered with care, it is interesting to compare it with other results in literature.

The first-order for chlorate is in agreement with other studies, some of them indicating that its value increases at low acidity. It was not measured at low acidity as our results were obtained only in the range 3. The increase of this order from 1. The first-order for chloride does not agree with other reported results that had established a second-order behavior for this ion. Thus all results reported for this reaction until now may carry some error.

In addition to this first-order behavior at low chloride concentration, it was observed that this reaction order approaches zero as the chloride concentration was increased above 1 mol L -1 , producing an initial rate saturation profile for this ion, as can be seen in Figure 3 and Tables 1 and 2.

This suggests a fast equilibrium between chlorate and chloride that may form, for example, Cl 2 O 3 2- species, as shown in equation 7. At high [Cl - ], this equilibrium is shift to the right side in such way that additional [Cl - ] 0 does not increases [Cl 2 O 3 2- ] and, as a consequence, the initial rate of reaction also does not increase. It does not mean that the Cl 2 O 3 2- species is stable or can be isolated. It is only an intermediate that is in equilibrium with chlorate and chloride and will react in the next step of the mechanism.

This result also disagrees with all other results reported before and it is again attributed to the fact that the results in the literature were obtained without ionic strength control, probably because the industrial application of this reaction does not require ionic strength control. Another contribution of our work is the observation of a small induction period.

This effect has not been reported before, probably because it is necessary to use a stopped-flow equipment to observe it. Several authors have proposed mechanisms for this reaction. Despite the fact that reaction 3 was considered very slow by Taube and Dodgen, 23 Rapson 4,27 and also Lenzi and Rapson 24 proposed proposed the sequence of reactions given by equations 2 to 4.

Considering that some HClO 2 may react with chloride instead of chlorate, a higher chlorine formation can be explained equation 2 followed by equations 8 and 4. This suggests that the mechanism given by equations 2 to 4 cannot be used to explain our results.

Then, to explain the orders in the rate law equation 6 , the saturation profile for [Cl - ] 0 and the induction period, it is proposed a mechanism that is an expansion of the Taube and Dodgen 23 mechanism.

In our proposal, equation 9 is split in three elementary steps and additional aqueous chlorine chemistry reactions are included chlorine hydrolysis and formation of Cl 3 - ion , as shown by equations 11 to Numerical integration of this mechanism was done based on the following rate equations equations 17 to 22 and differential equations equations 23 to 31 for each chemical species.

The rate constants employed are presented in Table 9. The rate constants for reaction 15 were taken from the modeling work for the ClO 2 -I - reaction 11 that is based on experimental values.

They are not completely independent from each other and other sets of these rate constants may produce a similar fit. As this mechanism contains three equilibrium reactions before the determining step, three intermediates may accumulate. This can explain the feature at ca.